He aha te NVLink? Me pehea te mahi, te pāmahana, me ngā whakamahinga GPU
2026-07-31 567

Kei te whakawhirinaki ngā punaha multi-GPU hou ki te nui o te mahi GPU anake. Ko te tere o ngā pūhanga ki te whakawhiti kōrero, ki te uru ki te mahara, me te mahi tahi he āhuatanga nui ka whai pānga ki te tere kaapai. Ka whakamārama tēnei tuhinga i te pāmahana NVLink me ngā whakatipuranga, ka whakataurite i te NVLink me PCIe me NVSwitch, ka kapi i te urunga mahara GPU me NVLink-C2C, ka whakaatu hoki me pēhea te whakamahi i te NVLink i roto i ngā mahi AI me HPC. Ka āwhina hoki i a koe ki te whakatau i te wā e taea ai e NVLink te whakapai ake i te mahi me te wā e taea ana e PCIe te tūranga.

Katalog

He aha te NVLink?

Ko te NVLink he hangarau interconnect tere rawa na NVIDIA mō te whakawhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā GPU me ētahi atu pūhanga i roto i ngā punaha rorohiko tere. Ko tōna kaupapa matua ko te whakaiti i ngā whakatārewa i te whakawhiti kōrero i te wā e hiahia ana ngā pūhanga rima ki te whakawhiti i ngā raraunga rahi i te wā e mahi tahi ana.

I ngā punaha multi-pūhanga, ka taea te whakaroa te mahi e te tere o te neke i ngā raraunga i waenga i ngā taputapu. Ka tuku te NVLink i te huarahi kōrero pāmahana teitei, i te pāmahana iti, e whakaiti ana i ngā raru whakawhiti me te āwhina i ngā pūhanga hono ki te whakawhiti raraunga i te ara e taea ana.

Me pehea te mahi o te NVLink?

Whakaahua 2. Te Huanga Kōrero GPU-ki-GPU NVLink

Ka hanga e te NVLink he huarahi kōrero tere rawa i waenga i ngā GPU e hāngai ana me ētahi atu pūhanga. A, i te wā e hiahia ana ngā GPU e rua ki te whakawhiti raraunga, ka taea te urunga peer-to-peer te tuku i ngā raraunga kia neke tika i waenga i ā rātou wāhi mahara, kāore e tukuna te whakawhiti katoa i runga i te mahara CPU.

Ka tautoko te NVLink i te whakawhiti kōrero e rua, nō reira ka taea e ngā raraunga te neke ki ngā taha e rua i waenga i ngā pūhanga hono. Ka taea hoki te whakahaere ngā hononga NVLink maha ki te mahi tahi, e tuku ana i tētahi ara whānui mō ngā whakawhiti raraunga pūhanga-ki-pūhanga.

Ka tuku te NVLink i te ara fiziki mō tēnei kōrero, i te wā e whakatau ana te pūmanawa me pēhea me te wā e whakamahia ai te ara. Ka whakahaerehia e CUDA, ngā kaituku taputapu, NCCL, me te tono ngā whakawhiti. A, i te wā e tautokohia ana te urunga pāhekoheko me te whakahohehia, ka taea e tētahi GPU te pānui i, te tuhinga ki, nāna te kōrero ki te mahara o tētahi atu GPU mā roto i te hononga NVLink e wātea ana.

Whakahaere o NVLink me te Pāmahana

Kua piki te pāmahana NVLink i ia whakatipuranga o NVIDIA GPU. I puta te NVLink whakatipuranga tuatahi i te rorohiko Tesla P100 i runga i te whakatipuranga Pascal, i tautoko i nga hononga NVLink e whā me te pāmahana katoa whākoikoi e te 160 GB/s mō ia GPU. I piki te Volta V100 i tēnei ki ngā hono e ono me te 300 GB/s mō ia GPU.

I tae mai te NVLink whakatipuranga tuatoru me te Ampere A100. E tautoko ana te A100 i ngā hono NVLink e tekau mā rua me te pāmahana katoa e 600 GB/s mō ia GPU. I piki te Hopper H100 i te maha o ngā hono ki te 18, ka piki te pāmahana NVLink whakatipuranga te tūāwaru ki te 900 GB/s mō ia GPU.

I tae mai te NVLink whakatipuranga rima me te Blackwell, ka piki te pāmahana katoa e 1.8 TB/s mō ia GPU. I piki te NVLink whakatipuranga rua, e pā ana ki te whakahaere Rubin, ka piki te teitei ki ngā hono e 36 me te pāmahana e 3.6 TB/s mō ia GPU.

NVLink Whakahaere	NVIDIA Whakakotahi	Huinga GPU, te Papa	Teitei Hononga ia GPU	Teitei Kaha Tokorua ia GPU
NVLink 1	Pascal	P100	4	160 GB/s
NVLink 2	Volta	V100	6	300 GB/s
NVLink 3	Ampere	A100	12	600 GB/s
NVLink 4	Hopper	H100	18	900 GB/s
NVLink 5	Blackwell	Blackwell GPUs	18	1.8 TB/s
NVLink 6	Rubin	Paparahi Rubin	36	3.6 TB/s

Per-Link vs Totahi NVLink Kaha

Ko te Kaha ia hononga, ā, ko te katoa kaha ia GPU e whakamarama ana i ngā uara rerekē. Ka taea te GPU te pupuri i te maha o ngā hononga NVLink, nā reira ka hono te katoa kaha ia GPU ki ngā kaha e wātea ana mai i ngā hononga e tautokohia ana.

Hei tauira, he 18 ngā hononga NVLink 4 kei a H100. Ka whakarato ia hononga i te 50 GB/s o te kaha tokorua, ka noho hei teitei katoa ko 900 GB/s ia GPU. Ka whakamahi a Blackwell i te 18 hononga NVLink 5 i runga i te 100 GB/s kaha tokorua ia hononga, e tīpako ana ki te 1.8 TB/s ia GPU.

Ko ēnei tau e tohu ana i te katoa kaha o te hīkoi. Ka taea te mea i waenga i ngā GPU e rua teitei iho i runga i te maha o ngā hononga e mau ana, te tūāhua pūnaha, me te tūhono ā-ringa. I te pānui i ngā whakaritenga NVLink, me tirohia tonu mēnā e pā ana te uara ki te hononga kotahi, ki te GPU kotahi, ki te katoa o te NVLink kāpeka.

NVLink vs PCIe vs NVSwitch

Whakaahua 3. NVLink vs PCIe vs NVSwitch Tūtohu

Ka whakahaerehia e NVLink, PCIe, me NVSwitch ngā raraunga i roto i ngā pūnaha GPU, engari he rōrahi rerekē ā rātou. Ko PCIe he whakauru whānui e hono ana i ngā GPU me ētahi atu taputapu ki te pūnaha kāinga. Ko NVLink e whakarato ana i te whakawhiti raraunga tere i waenga i ngā pūnaha NVIDIA e tautokohia ana, i te mea kei te mahi a NVSwitch me NVLink ki te hono i ngā rōpū nui o ngā GPU mā te whakamahi i tētahi kāpeka whakawhiti e tāmata ana.

Āhuatanga	NVLink	PCIe	NVSwitch
He aha ia	Whakawhiti raraunga tere i waenga i ngā pūnaha	Pūkaha whānui e hono ana i ngā GPU me ētahi atu taputapu ki te pūnaha	Kāpeka whakawhiti e whakamahia ana me NVLink
Te tino whāinga	Whakawhiti tere i waenga i ngā GPU me ngā pūnaha	Hono i ngā GPU, SSD, NIC, me ētahi atu taputapu ki te pūnaha	Hono i te maha o ngā GPU e tautokohia ana e NVLink mā te whakamahi i tētahi kāpeka kotahi
Whakawhiti raraunga i waenga i te GPU ki te GPU	E whakarato ana i te whakawhiti raraunga i waenga i ngā pānga	E tautoko ana i ngā whakawhiti GPU ki te GPU, engari ka pā te whakatere ki te tūāhua PCIe	Ka huri te tuku pūtea i waenga i ngā GPU maha
Te ara raraunga	Ngā hononga poutū ki te pūnaha ka taea te tuku mai i NVSwitch	Ka neke ngā raraunga i roto i ngā kukū rūnanga PCIe me ngā whakawhiti	E whakarato ana i ngā huarahi whakawhiti i waenga i ngā GPU e hono ana ki NVLink
Te ānau	I hangaia mō te whakawhiti raraunga mea iti	He pai mo te I/O whānui, engari ka taea te ara i waenga i ngā GPU te whai i te hanganga pūnaha ake	Ka tāpiri i te whakawhiti i te wā e pupuri ana ngā GPU i te hono ki ngā ara NVLink tere
Tūāhua	Nāna i ngā hononga poutū-ki-te-poutū, ki ngā hononga ki NVSwitch	Nāna i ngā pūnaha pūnaha ā-kī, ngā pūnaha PCIe me ngā whakawhiti	Kāpeka GPU e tākina ana, e mōhiotia ana
Whakauru	Me tautoko ngā taputapu NVIDIA e tautokohia ana	Tautoko whanui i ngā auaha ahumahi	Me tautoko ngā papa NVLink e tautokohia ana e NVIDIA
He pai mo	Pūnaha mai i te kaipōti rahi i ngā GPU e pā ai te whakawhiti	Pūnaha kotahi-GPU, nāna i ngā wā e iti ana te whakawhiti GPU ki te GPU	Pūnaha rahi e hiahia ana te maha o ngā GPU ki te whakawhiti i ngā wā e āhua whānui
Te raru matua	Ka mau ki ngā taputapu NVIDIA e tautokohia ana me ngā papa	Ka riro hei putunga kaha i ngā mahi taringa GPU	Ka tāpiri i te utu pūnaha me te uaua te hanganga

I ngā kupu māmā, ka hono te PCIe i ngā taputapu ki te pūnaha, ka whakarato te NVLink i te whakawhiti raraunga tere i waenga i ngā pūnaha, ā, ka whakawhānui te NVSwitch i te NVLink i runga i ngā whakaritenga GPU rahi. Kāore te NVSwitch e rerekē i te NVLink i te mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā hononga NVLink ki te kawe i ngā raraunga GPU.

Ka taea te mea e taea ana te PCIe i te wā e iti ana te whakawhiti i waenga i ngā GPU. Ka tupu te NVLink hei kaiāwhina i te wā e puta ngā raraunga i ngā GPU, ā, ko te NVSwitch ka whakamahia i te nuinga o te wā e hiahia ana te maha o ngā GPU e tautokohia ana e NVLink ki te whakawhiti i te rārangi pūnaha kotahi.

Ka pae te NVLink ki te Rito Rāmere GPU?

Kāore te NVLink e whakaū i te VRAM o ngā GPU e rua ki runga i tētahi rohe mahana katoa. E rua ngā GPU e tūhura ana i te 80 GB te mahara mo ia e noho ana ki ngā wāhi mahara 80 GB motuhake ā, kāore i te noho ko te GPU kotahi me te 160 GB o VRAM ā-rohe.

Ka taea e te uru atu ki te mahara o tetahi GPU ki tetahi atu GPU ka tautokohia e te taputapu me te topokanga. Ka taea e te GPU te pānui, te tuhinga, te kape raraunga ki te mahara pānga kaore e nekehia te raraunga i runga i te mahara CPU i te tuatahi. Ka tuku a NVLink i tetahi ara teitei-āwhina mō ēnei whakawhiti i te wa e hono ana ngā GPU māna.

Heoi, ko te mahara GPU pōkai e mau ana ki tetahi atu GPU. Kei te whakatauhia tonu e te rorohiko ko te wahi i te puhipuhi te raraunga, ko te GPU e uru atu ana ki a ia, mehemea ka kapehia te raraunga, ka uru atu ki tawhiti. Ka taea e te CUDA Unified Memory te whakaritenga ki te uru ki te mahara i waenganui i ngā taputapu, engari kāore e tangohia te wehewehenga tinana i waenga i te mahara GPU.

Nā reira, he mea nui tonu te whakatū i te mahara i roto i ngā pūnaha multi-GPU. Ka taea e te uru tuuturu ki te mahara GPU pōkai te pā ki te kounga mahi, ahakoa e tuku ana a NVLink i tetahi hono tere.

Pehea te whakawhānui i a NVLink-C2C i a NVLink ki ngā hononga kāpeka-ki-kāpeka

Whakaahua 4. Hono NVLink-C2C i waenganui i te CPU me te GPU

Ka whakawhānui a NVLink-C2C i a NVIDIA NVLink mai i ngā hononga kaiwhakatere poari ki te hapa hātepe ki roto i te pakiaka, te superchip rānei. Ka taea e ia te hono i ngā CPUs, GPUs, me ētahi atu ngä pūkaha e hāngai ana, e āhei ana ki te whakawhiti raraunga mā te hono i āna.

I runga i ngā pūnaha NVLink-C2C e tautokohia ana, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakatere e hono ana te pupuri i tētahi tirohanga whaihua o te mahara. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e Grace Hopper te NVLink-C2C i waenganui i te CPU Grace me te GPU Hopper, e taea ai e raua te uru ki te mahara i te taha o te hono i te mea e noho ana tā raua mahara tinana.

Ko te rerekētanga matua ko te wahi e whakamahi ana ia hangarau. Ko te NVLink paerewa ka hono nga GPU wehe kē, ka hono hoki nga GPU ki NVSwitch i te poari, i te taumata pūnaha. Ka kawea mai e NVLink-C2C te tikanga whakawhāiti tērā ki te pūkaha ake, e pai ana mō te CPU ki te GPU, te CPU ki te CPU, me ētahi atu hononga kāpeka ki kāpeka e whai Whakatinana ana.

NVLink mō AI me ngā taumahatanga Multi-GPU

He tino whaihua te NVLink i te wa e mahi ana te maha o nga GPU i runga i te taumahatanga kotahi me te hiahia ki te tārua raraunga i ngā wā katoa . I roto i ēnei pūnaha, ka whakawhirinaki te kounga mahi, kāore anake i runga i te tere kaute GPU engari i runga i te tere e neke ana te raraunga i waenga i ngā pūkaha .

I te wā o te whakangungu AI , ka taea e ngā GPU te whakawhiti me ngā gradients, ngā pātea, ngā activations, me ngā hua pokapū. Ka whakahaerehia e NVIDIA NCCL te nuinga o ēnei whakawhitinga mā ngā pānga pērā i te AllReduce, AllGather, ReduceScatter, Broadcast, me te whakawhiti i te pūranga ki te pūranga.

Ka hangaia e te tauira tensor te whakawhitinga auau nāna i te taha o nga wāhanga o te whakaputa e whakahaerehia ana i runga i ngā GPU rerekē, me te hiahiatia te whakawhiti i ngā hua pokapū i mua i te āheinga ki te haere tonu. Ka nekehia hoki ngā raraunga i waenga i ngā GPU i te wā e whakahaerehia ana ngā wāhanga rerekē o te tauira i runga i te tauira tauira .

Ka whai i nga whakaritenga ōrite te Multi-GPU LLM te whakamahi i te wa e wehe ana te tauira nui ki ngā GPU maha. Mēnā ka noho te GPU kotahi ki te tatari mō te raraunga mai i tētahi atu, ka taea e ngā whakaritenga whakawhiti te whakaiti i te toenga katoa.

Ka whakawhiti hoki ngā taumahatanga HPC pērā i te whakamātautauranga pūtaiao, ngā mīhini pāpāho kōpū, me te whakaraa molecular i waenga i ngā GPU i ngā rānei, ngā hua pokapū, me ngā mōhiohio whakaritenga i waenga i ngā GPU. Ka taea e te tere o ngā whakawhitinga GPU ki GPU te whakaiti i tēnei wā e tatari ana, ka awhina i te taumahatanga ki te whakahaere i runga i te kāhana.

Mō te taumahatanga ki te whakawhiti raraunga , ka taea e NVLink te whakaiti i te wā e noho ana ngā GPU ki te whakawhiti raraunga, ka awhina i te pau kaha multi-GPU ki te pākiki haere nāna.

Kahea te wā e hiahiatia ana a NVLink?

He pai te noho o NVLink ka mahi ngatahi ngā GPU i runga i te mahi kotahi me te ngawari ki te whakawhiti raraunga. Kaawhina tēnei i te wā e panga ana te whakawhiti GPU ki te GPU ki te teitei o te taumahatanga me te pūnaha e tautoko ana i a NVLink.

He pai ake te kōwhiringa o NVLink ina:

• E mahi ngatahi ana ngā GPU maha i runga i tētahi taumahatanga

• Ka neke ngā raraunga nui i waenga i ngā GPU

• Ka whakakotahi te whakawhiti GPU i te awhe uara

• E tautoko ana ngā GPU me te papa i a NVLink

• Ka taea e te rorohiko te whakamahi i te whakawhiti multi-GPU

Ka taea e PCIe te ranea ina:

• Ko te pūnaha e whakamahi ana i tētahi GPU anake

• Ka tūnga ngā GPU maha i ngā mahi rerekē

• He iti te pānui i waenganui i ngā GPU

• I te nuinga o te wā kei te pahemo a PCIe i te whakaritenga e hiahiatia ana

• He mea nui ake te utu iti me te tautoko rorohiko whānui

He mea nui anō hoki te utu me te hoahoa pūnaha. Ka taea e ngā pūnaha e āhei ana ki NVLink te tango i ngā GPU e tautokohia ana, te topokanga pūnaha tika, te huringa tāpiri, me te kaha me te whakamahana i ngā whakaritenga nui ake.

I te nuinga o te wā, he tino whaihua a NVLink i te wā e kōmuna ana te whakawhiti i waenga i ngā GPU hei whakaritenga kounga. Mēnā kāore te GPU e whakawhiti raraunga, kāore hoki e āhei a PCIe ki te tuku i te kaha, ka taea e NVLink te tāpiri i te utu me te uaua me te kore he painga tuhinga mo te pēhi.